native american surnames in virginia

Walter Ashby Plecker, the first registrar of the state Bureau of Vital Statistics (1912-1946) and a proponent of eugenics, was one of the act's most vocal supporters. A series of forts controlled by Daniel Boone began to be built in the valley of the Clinch River during this time. (In the more modern mercantile economy of the north, social mobility became more prominent. 6.1 Cherokee surnames; 6.2 Miscellaneous Amerindian; 6.3 First names as Native American surnames; 6.4 Navajo/Din surnames. [46] On December 23, 2009 the bill was placed on the Senate Legislative Calendar under general orders. Learn how to research your Native American ancestry, search through Native American records and online databases, and discover great genealogy resources for your specific tribe! 1385: Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2009", "S. 1178: Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2009", "Baptist executives urge federal recognition of Virginia tribes", "Virginia tribes may get federal recognition", "Bills introduced to extend federal recognition to Virginia tribes", "S.379 - Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2011", "H.R.783 - Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2011", "Petitioners List for Federal Recognition by State", "The Black and White World of Walter Ashby Plecker", "SPECIAL REPORT: Virginia's Indians, three-part series", Brigid Schulte, "With Trip to England, Va. Tribes Seek a Place in U.S. History", Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2007, Brigid Schulte, "As Year's End Nears, Disappointment: Va. Tribes Had Hoped Jamestown Events Would Help Them Gain Sovereign Indian Nation Status", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia&oldid=1135622490, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing cleanup from August 2022, Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2022, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2022, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles needing additional references from August 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 25 January 2023, at 20:53. With the emancipation of enslaved people during the Civil War and the consequential loss of slave labor, Virginia plantations struggled to turn a profit. He wanted to ensure that blacks were not "passing" as Virginia Indians, in his terms. Another Monacan tradition holds that, centuries prior to European contact, the Monacan and the Powhatan tribes had been contesting part of the mountains in the western areas of today's Virginia. The United Cherokee Indian Tribe of West Virginia is a tri-racial group that has members of Cherokee and Eastern Siouan descent. The state also recognizes the Monacan Nation, the Nottoway, and the Cheroenhaka (Nottoway), who were outside the paramountcy. In May 2018, $1.4 million in grants was awarded to these tribes by the Department of Housing and Urban Development, reported by the Suffolk News Herald. This was particularly important after the emancipation of slaves. [45], On March 9, 2009 the Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2009 was sent to the House Committee on Natural Resources. There is even a chance that the first Virginians paddled here from Europe about 15,000 years ago, bringing stone manufacturing traditions from the Burgundy region of France near the rock of Solutre.1, the first Virginian would not have resembled this individual, because the climate 15,000 years ago was colder. Washington: Beverly, Barlow, Thomas, Hughes, Lethcoe, Worley. Strachey does not say whether Powhatan, as paramount chief, bestowed on these newly made chiefs their new names, although he probably did. [18] Powhatan sent food to the English, and was instrumental in helping the newcomers survive the early years. At night, they may have told tall tales to each other and occasionally to other bands of hunters, anticipating what food, forests, rivers, and ice barriers would be found over the next ridge. Over time, the native Americans' names got passed down the generations. Women gathered greens, roots and nuts, and cooked these with the meats. Hatahali - This name means medicine man. Asians who crossed the Bering Land Bridge walked east and south, following new territory for hunting game. However, the history of Native Americans in Virginia does not begin and end with the Powhatan. About 25,000 years ago, so much water was captured in the ice blanketing the continents that sea level was as much as 400' lower. The Meherrin Nation ( autonym: Kauwets'a:ka, "People of the Water") [1] is one of seven state-recognized nations of Native Americans in North Carolina. Opechancanough's successor, Necotowance signed his people's first treaty with the English in October 1646.[22]. These two tribes continue to make their yearly tribute payment to the Virginia governor, as stipulated by the 1646 and 1677 treaties. If the tribe name is in bold, then Virginia is the primary location known for this tribe, otherwise we provide the tribes specifics as it pertains to Virginia and provide a link to the main tribal page if available. In Virginia, there are three Native American linguistic groups - Algonquin, Siouan and Iroquoian. However, anthropologists sought access to the bones for scientific research and sued to block the reburial. They were opposed by Walter Ashby Plecker, the head of the Bureau of Vital Statistics in Virginia (19121946). The landed gentry could keep tight rein on political power, which passed in somewhat orderly fashion from family to family. SURNAMES, BY COUNTIES AND CITIES, OF MIXED NEGROID VIRGINIA FAMILIES STRIVING TO PASS AS INDIAN OR WHITE. The treaty required the Powhatan to make yearly tribute payment to the English of fish and game, and it also set up reservation lands for the Indians. Native American last names and meanings The 1924 law institutionalized the "one-drop rule", defining as black an individual with any known black/African ancestry. The best-known ones are the Navajo, Cherokee, Apache, and Sioux. That year the Virginia Colony had expelled the Doeg from Northern Virginia east of the fall line. By 1850, one of the reservations was sold to the whites, and another reservation was officially divided by 1878. "Environment and Economy: Many are coal miners, hill cultivators on sub-marginal lands, truck farmers and dairy farmers, domestic servants, and in cities industrial workers. The English collected ethnological information about the local Croatan tribe, as well as related coastal tribes extending as far north as the Chesapeake Bay. Funding from a farm named "Brafferton," in England, were sent to the school in 1691 for this purpose. [30] The U.S. Department of the Interior accepted some of these "non Indians" as representing all of them when persuading them to cede lands. The Monacan Indian Nation is based in Amherst County, Virginia and currently consists of about 2,000 members. The inference is that Wahunsenacawh (also written Wahunsunacock) was Powhatans most-recent personal name. The latter six gained recognition through passage of federal legislation in the 21st century. Though the bones were found inland from the Pacific Ocean shoreline, he was a maritime hunter-gatherer who originated with the same group of people that later populated Polynesian islands and Japan. As a researcher and family historian, I was excited when a . The B.I.A. Source: Native Land Digital, Governor McDonnell Signs Proclamation Designating November as Virginia Indian Heritage Month, Virginia / discovered and discribed by Captayn John Smith, 1606, The Three Linguistic Groups of Colonial Virginia, Native Americans - The First Geologists in Virginia, How the Fall Line Shaped Powhatan's Area of Control. What we know today may not be what we believe tomorrow, as new evidence surfaces and new interpretations are based on new evidence. In 1996, a skeleton was discovered on the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest. Her proper, publicly given name was Amonute, which cannot be translated today. Although these names had specific meanings, most were not translated by English colonists at Jamestown, and many of those meanings have been lost. Federal recognition of these tribes would compensate for some of the historic injustices they suffered under Virginia government, and recognize their continuing identities as Virginia Indians and American citizens. After Captain John Smith was captured in the winter of 1607 and met with Chief Powhatan, relations were fairly good. In April 1613, Captain Samuel Argall learned that Powhatan's "favorite" daughter Pocahontas was residing in a Patawomeck village. [1] Their population has been estimated to have been about 50,000 at the time of European colonization. Native American Tribes in Virginia Since Contact The Quest of the Appalachian Cherokee Nation for State Recognition the Cherokee occupied lands west of the Appalachians, so Virginia colonists did not settle in their territory and disrupt their society until a century after landing at Jamestown Through this formal process, the Wicocomico transferred their lands in Northumberland County to Governor Samuel Mathews in 1659. Strachey writes it means little wantonand wanton in Stracheys time not only meant sexually bawdy; it also had overtones of cruel and undisciplined. c. 1557), the Doeg split into three sections, with one part moving to what became organized as colonial Caroline County, one part moving to Prince William, and a third part remaining in King George. Shawnee attacks as far east as Shenandoah County continued for the duration of Pontiac's War, until 1766. The Racial Integrity Act was not repealed until 1967, after the ruling of the US Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia, which stated anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional. Those immigrants may have come directly from Siberia, following the game through fields and marshes exposed as the sea level dropped. As they were separated by water from Powhatan's domains, the Accawmacke enjoyed some measure of semi-autonomy under their own paramount chief, Debedeavon, aka "The Laughing King". In the 1680s, a small number of Indian children who went to work for English farmers were given English first names, and in some county records both names were recorded. It was Opecancanough who planned a coordinated attack on the English settlements, beginning on March 22, 1622. Isi asepihiye Blackfoot. Southern Iroquois people trading and living in this area of Virginia and North Carolina also included the Meherrin, Tuscarora and, further west, the Cherokee. Some Cavaliers who served under King Charles I fled to Virginia. The sons and daughters of FFV families married sons and daughters of other FFV's, and inherited wealth - primarily land and slaves, both considered necessary property for growing tobacco that was shipped to Europe - stayed in the family. The Ani-Stohini/Unami first petitioned in 1968 and the Rappahannock filed shortly thereafter. (He was also called Wahunsenacawh or Wahunsunacock, as recorded by the English immigrants in the early 1600's - spelling of the original Virginia names by the English is not 100% consistent.) Some of them like the Locklears come out with south Indian blood from India. "Aborigines" A description of the Indians established in that state? In 1755 the Shawnee, then allied with the French in the French and Indian War, raided an English camp of settlers at Draper's Meadow, now Blacksburg, killing five and abducting five. The site was later was developed as the present-day town of Saltville, Virginia. In 1670 the German explorer John Lederer recorded a Monacan legend. However, this region (which included the modern states of Kentucky, and West Virginia, as well as southwestern Virginia) was still populated by the other tribes, including the Cherokee, Shawnee, Lenape, and Mingo, who were not party to the sale. The most recent statistics we have for these American Indian and Alaskan Native last names is from the 2010 census. For instance, there were ancestral ties between the Spencer family of Bedfordshire and the Washington family; a Spencer secured the land grant later purchased by the Washingtons, where they built their Mount Vernon home. For example, the old assumption that corn imported from Mexico was key to the development of agriculture in Virginia is now outdated. A lot of your names appear on the Southeastern American Indian Family Surnames list. Until 14,000 years ago, there was still wet-but-walkable ground that connected modern-day Alaska with modern-day Russia. About 30 Algonquian tribes were allied in the powerful Powhatan paramount chiefdom along the coast, which was estimated to include 15,000 people at the time of English colonization. 6.4.1 Top 10; 6.4.2 Others; 6.4.3 Non-native names; 6.5 Hopi surnames; 6.6 Hualapai/Havasupai surnames; 6.7 Other surnames . Powhatan resettled some of that tribe on the Piankatank River. As of January 29, 2018, Virginia has seven federally recognized tribes: the Pamunkey Indian Tribe, Chickahominy, Eastern Chickahominy, Upper Mattaponi, Rappahannock, Nansemond and Monacan. The mystery is beginning to unfold, thanks to genealogical DNA tests. Tutelo Indians Collection: Swanton, John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. These rolls were created as a result of allotments, legislation, removals, treaties, and other activities. Here are the most common Cherokee surnames. [54] however, their petition has not been resolved.[55]. Today, there are a lot of picks that have a rich history and a deep meaning. (See Washington) Lee and Smyth: Collins, Gibson (Gipson), Moore, Goins, Ramsey, Delph, Bunch, Freeman, Miso, Barlow, Bolden (Bolin), Mullins, Hawkins.Chiefly Tennessee Melungeons." Scott: Dingus. They reside in rural northeastern North Carolina, near the river of the same name on the Virginia - North Carolina border. Even assumptions about Native American origins for Virginia place names are changing. Roanoke County: Beverly. [8] Excluded from this history were 'natural children', mixed-race descendants of unions with slaves. The treaty was intended to assert that the Virginia Indian leaders were subjects of the King of England. The saplings were covered with woven mats or bark. Translation for Native Americans meeting first Enlishmen in Virginia Captain Nathaniel Basse, arrived in 1622 on the Furtherance (probably at Jamestown) and founded the Isle of Wight in 1607 (that's what Ancestry says.perhaps it was given to him from the Englishmen who made land decisions - maybe a company supporting this exploration . 2020 Virginia Humanities, All Rights Reserved , Letter from Walter A. Plecker to Local Registrars, et al. The Fielding Family of Northumberland County. They asserted their identity in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Cherokee border had to be readjusted in 1770 at the Treaty of Lochaber, because European settlement in Southwest Virginia had already moved past the 1768 Hard Labour line. English colonists who formed the FFV emigrated to the new Colony of Virginia. Indian children also had nicknames. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. The Piedmont and area above the fall line were occupied by Siouan-speaking groups, such as the Monacan and Manahoac. Critical thinking skills are required when someone states anything related to Virginia before 1600 as "true." [12], The tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy spoke Algonquian languages, as did many of the Atlantic coastal peoples all the way up into Canada. Source: Commonwealth of Virginia, Governor McDonnell Signs Proclamation Designating November as Virginia Indian Heritage Month (November 8, 2013). [49] The hold prevented the bill from reaching the Senate floor, and it died with the end of the Congressional session. The tribes had struggled to be recognized, against issues of racial discrimination. In the early 20th century, many Virginia Indians began to reorganize into official tribes. In the spring of 1567, the conquistador Juan Pardo was based at Fort San Juan, built near the Mississippian culture center of Joara in present-day western North Carolina. Tidewater Virginia evolved as a society descended from second or third sons of Englishmen who inherited land grants or land in Virginia. Spotswood worked to make peace with his Iroquois neighbours, winning a concession from them in 1718, of all the land they had conquered as far as the Blue Ridge Mountains and south of the Potomac. In 1994, the tribe again submitted a letter of intent to petition. His death began the death of the Powhatan Confederacy. In a pre-Revolutionary War economy dependent on the production of tobacco as a commodity crop, the ownership of the best land was tightly controlled. The Upper Potomac watershed (above Great Falls, Virginia) was once renowned for its unsurpassed abundance of wild geese, earning the Upper Potomac its former Algonquian name, Cohongoruton (Goose River). Another three tribes were recognized by the state in 2010. PLEASE NOTE: There. Lower sea levels exposed the land now under the Bering Sea. Recent sponsors of such Federal recognition bills have been Senator George Allen, R-Va and Rep. Jim Moran, D-Va. [18] The Accawmacke (including the Gingaskin) of the Eastern Shore, and the Patawomeck of Northern Virginia, were fringe members of the Confederacy. But, they absorbed people of other ethnicities; especially if the mother was Indian, the children were considered to be members of her clan and tribe.[16]. [9], In 1907, the Jamestown Exposition was held near Norfolk to celebrate the tricentennial of the arrival of the first English colonists and the founding of Jamestown. Relations between the two peoples were not always friendly. Forced to compete for her busy fathers attention, she possibly took to teasing him about his many wives, a practice that may have earned her her nickname. 2) Currently accepted spellings of tribal names have been used in the list below. The Cherokee sold Richard Henderson a portion of their land encompassing extreme southwest Virginia in 1775 as part of the Transylvania purchase. In the 1980s, the state officially recognized several tribes in a process authorized under legislation. Native Americans comprise the vast majority of Virginia's Native Americans, with the majority residing in Northern Virginia, particularly Fairfax . Shortly after 1700, the Rappahannock tribe lost its reservation; the Chickahominy tribe lost theirs in 1718, and the Nansemond tribe sold theirs in 1792 after the American Revolution. Pocahontas' marriage to John Rolfe linked the two peoples. It is a branch of the Buffalo Ridge Cherokee, a tri-racial band in Amherst County, Virginia, whose members can trace their Eastern Siouan ancestry back to the late 1600s. [53], On July 28, 2011, the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs ordered the Senate version of the bill "to be reported without amendment favorably. When you read the original documents, try to anticipate the source material that was omitted as well as the way the recorded material was morphed by the biases of the colonial times. The following list of indigenous peoples who have lived in Virginia has been compiled from Hodge's Handbook of American Indians. This resulted in Indian individuals and families losing the documentation of their ethnic identities. [citation needed], Few written documents assess the traditions and quality of life of some of the various early tribes that populated the Virginia region. One of the initial goals of the college was to educate Virginia Indian boys. [27] This sale was not recognized by the royal colonial government, nor by the Chickamauga Cherokee war chief Dragging Canoe. One or more mats was placed on top for bedding, with more mats or skins for blankets. Plecker directed local offices to use only the designations of "white" or "colored" on birth certificates, death certificates, marriage certificates, voter registration forms, etc. Others are less well-known, like Vinson or Spotted Horse. from L to R: Rappahannock Chief Anne Richardson, Nottoway Chief Lynette Lewis Allston, Upper Mattaponi Assistant Chief Frank Adams, Pamunkey Tribal Member Ashley Atkins, Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Chief Walt Brown, Upper Mattaponi Chief Kenneth Adams, Governor McDonnell, Mattaponi Chief Carl Custalow, Patawomeck Chief Robert Green, Monacan Chief Sharon Bryant, Chickahominy Assistant Chief Wayne Adkins About 3,0003,500 are enrolled as tribal members in state-recognized tribes. The first Europeans to explore Virginia filtered what they saw through their world view. The early arrivals may have been trapped on the edge of Siberia/Alaska for thousands of years, isolated from others and interbreeding until the genetic diversity was limited. The tribe with the largest number of residents in Virginia is the Monacan Indian Nation, with over 2,600 people.10, Powhatan's control over Tsenacomoco may have been greater on the southern bank of the Rappahannock River, which is one explanation for the concentration of Algonquian settlements north of that river (marked by blue line - and on John Smith's map, "north" is to the right, not at the top) After about 1740 no Indian-language surnames appear in these Pamunkey documents, and every signer had first and last names in English; several of those names given by 1790 are still held by reservation residents today. No one knows; the Paleoindians left no records providing any clues to their languages. "[52], The two reservation tribes, the Pamunkey and Mattaponi, are not part of the federal recognition bill. There were no records of indigenous life before the Europeans started documenting their expeditions and colonization efforts. Jamestown was spared because Chanco, an Indian boy living with the English, warned the English about the impending attack. He was born about 1785 also in VA. [30] It destroyed much of the documentation that had shown families continuing to identify as Indian. From that time, the college was restricted to ethnic Europeans (or whites) until 1964, when the federal government passed civil rights legislation ending segregation in public facilities.[17]. Native American ancestry can be one of the most challenging areas of genealogy research. By 1525 the Spanish had charted the eastern Atlantic coastline north of Florida. Ramey, Rasnick, Reaves/Reeves, Revels, Richardson, Roberson/Robertson/Robinson, Russell, Sammons, Sampson, Sawyer, Scott, Sexton, Shavis, Shepherd/Shephard, Short, Sizemore Smiling, Smith, Stallard, Stanley, Steel, Stevens, Stewart, Strother, Sweat/Swett, Swindall, Tally, Taylor, Thompson, Tolliver, Tuppance, Turner, [18] [7], Meanwhile, as early as 155960, the Spanish had explored Virginia, which they called Ajacn, from the Chesapeake Bay while they sought a water passage to the west. In fact, Strachey reports that the Powhatans were unaccustomed to English naming practices and often insisted on calling Englishmen by their first names only. Tutelo1 English. Their "landless" condition added to their difficulty in documenting historic continuity of their people, as outsiders assumed that without a reservation, the Indians had assimilated to the majority culture. . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He further directed them to evaluate some specific families which he listed, and to change the classification of their records, saying he believed they were black and trying to pass as Indian.[30]. "The Black-and-White World of Walter Ashby Plecker", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Cultural assimilation of Native Americans, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC), Native American Medal of Honor recipients, List of federally recognized tribes by state, List of Indian reservations in the United States, State recognized tribes in the United States, Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal, "A renowned Virginia Indian tribe finally wins federal recognition", "Trump signs bill recognizing Virginia Indian tribes - The Washington Post", https://pstcc-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/1qcuk90/TN_gale_ofa306597312, "Meet Virginia Tribes for Native American Heritage Month", https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/04/01/rappahannock-tribe-fones-cliffs-eagles/, https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/01/20/native-american-fones-cliffs-rappahannock-virginia/, "Tribes & Nations: State Recognized Tribes", "Virginia tribes take another step on road to federal recognition", "Moran Hails Senate Leadership in VA Indian Struggle", "H.R. Before the Civil War, a person could legally qualify as white who had up to one-quarter (equivalent to one grandparent) African or Indian ancestry. American Indian Movement - Virginia Chapter, Schools Using Native American Racial Mascots in Virginia, Archaic Period in the Falls of the Ohio Region of Kentucky, Archeology in the National Capital Region, Bay Plain and Piedmont: A Landscape History of the Chesapeake Heartland from 1.3 Billion Years Ago to 2000, Paleoindian Life in the Chesapeake Region, 18,000 to 9,900 Years Ago, Hunting and Gathering Lifeways in the Chesapeake Region, 10,000 to 1,000 Years Ago, The Rise of Townlife, 1,100 to 500 Years Ago, Contact and Colonization, A.D. 1500 to 1775, Beginning of American Archeology: 1784- 1906, BEYOND CLOVIS: How and When the First Americans Arrived, Archaeologist Joseph McAvoy discusses theories about the first Americans based on artifacts unearthed at the Cactus Hill site in Virginia, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Simple Tools, Hearth Found Beneath Clovis Horizon: S.E. Isi foot. Many such early settlers in Virginia were called Second Sons. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 145. They captured a Native man, possibly from the Paspahegh or Kiskiack tribe, whom they named Don Luis after they baptized him. [citation needed] Men and boys hunted game, and harvested fish and shellfish. She became an important symbol of friendly Native American-English relations of the Jamestown colony. The assembly stated English colonists could not settle on Indian land without permission from the governor, council, or commissioners and land sales had to be conducted in quarter courts, where they would be public record. While the primary focus of the list will be on the Cherokee, Delaware and Allegheny nations, the list is . All Indians were at first required to display a badge made of striped cloth while in white territory, or they could be murdered on the spot. The incentive worked and that year, the tribes sent twenty boys to the school. Source: Library of Congress, Virginia / discovered and discribed by Captayn John Smith, 1606. Paramount chiefs were known to take new names even late in life. These groups are neither federally or state-recognized tribes. Research genealogy for Native American Bland of Varina, Henrico, Virginia, United States, as well as other members of the Bland family, on Ancestry. Chaske is another surname from Native America and refers to the 'first born son.' 22. In summer, when the heat and humidity increased, the people could roll up or remove the mat walls for better air circulation. By the time she was about eight, and due to the particular marriage customs instituted by her father, the paramount chief Powhatan, Pocahontas joined a huge household of stepmothers and half-siblings. Because the Native Americans generally lacked reservations and some had intermarried with Europeans and African Americans, many colonists and later European-American residents of Virginia assumed that the Native Americans were disappearing. Their oldest child Mariah Scott was born about 1822 in PA. Plecker's "paper genocide" dominated state recordkeeping for more than two decades, but declined after he retired in 1946. Pocahontas was much celebrated in London, where she was welcomed with great ceremony at the Royal Court. "[4], The ties among Virginia families were based on marriage. Cherokee Chickahominy Indian Tribe Manahoac Meherrin Monacan Nahyssan Nansemond Indian Tribe Nottaway Occaneechi Powhatan Saponi Shawnee Tutelo Hearings established that the tribes would have been able to meet the federal criteria for continuity and retention of identity as tribes, but they were disadvantaged by lacking reservations and, mostly, by racially discriminatory state governmental actions that altered records of Indian identification and continuity.

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